Buddhism is a faith, that was founded more than 2,500 years ago in India, by Siddhartha Gautama (“the Buddha”). With about 470 million followers, scholars consider Buddhism, as one of the major world religions today.
Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. It originated in ancient India as a “Sramana tradition,” sometime between the 6th to 4th century BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: "The School of the Elders") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: "The Great Vehicle"). Most Buddhist traditions share the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood.
Buddhism began with the life of Siddhartha Gautama (ca. 563-483 B.C.), a prince from the small Shakya Kingdom located in the foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal. Brought up in luxury, the prince abandoned his home and wandered forth as a religious beggar, searching for the meaning of existence. The stories of his search presuppose the Jain tradition, as Gautama was for a time a practitioner of intense austerity, at one point almost starving himself to death. He decided, however, that self-torture weakened his mind while failing to advance him to enlightenment and therefore turned to a milder style of renunciation and concentrated on advanced meditation techniques.
Eventually, under a tree in the forests of Gaya (in modern Bihar), he resolved to stir no further until he had solved the mystery of existence. Breaking through the final barriers, he achieved the knowledge that he later expressed as the Four Noble Truths:
All of life is suffering;
The cause of suffering is desire;
The end of desire leads to the end of suffering;
The means to end desire is a path of discipline and meditation.
Gautama was now “the Buddha, or the awakened one,” and he spent the remainder of his life traveling about northeast India, converting a large number of disciples. At the age of eighty, “The Buddha” achieved his final passing away, (parinirvana) leaving a thriving monastic order and a dedicated community to continue his work.